Was the American Use of the Atomic Bomb against Japan in 1945 the Final Act of WW2 or the Signal That the Cold War Was about to Begin

Introduction Known as one of the world’s greatest bloodbath, the World War II is also notorious for the first use of an atomic bomb as a weapon of mass destruction. As a matter of fact, restricting the amount of choices concerning the reasons that made the United States government attack Japan would be an insult to the history of the world in general and the history of the relationships between Japan and the United States in particular.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the American Use of the Atomic Bomb against Japan in 1945 the Final Act of WW2 or the Signal That the Cold War Was about to Begin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to evaluate the reasons that guided the American government in their successful attempt at mass genocide of the residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, one must consider not only the political implications behind the actions of the U.S. government, but also the specifics of the relationships between the two states, the influence of the U.S. and Japan in the WWII, the peculiarities of the American and especially the Japanese culture, as well as the numerous details concerning the outbreak of the Cold War.1 Despite the ace that every single piece of the existing evidence points at the fact that the United States were either intending to stress their participation I the WWII or to display their military power to the USSR, it can be assumed that the reasons behind the notorious Hiroshima and Nagasaki attack was an attempt to eliminate the slightest possibility of having the WWII going any longer, which would have necessarily appeared in Japan due to the peculiarities of the Japanese culture unless a sudden attack would have distracted them. The Use of the Atomic Bomb as the Sign of the Cold War Considering the arguments â€Å"pro†: the plausibility There is no secret that there always was an element of competition in the relationships between th e USSR and the USA2. According to what Crockatt says, the fact that the U.S. dropped the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to prove their economic and political world dominance is clear-cut. As Crockatt explains, the means that the U.S. chose to prove their point were predetermined by the differences in which the two states fought for their dominance. According to Crockatt, the differences in the way that the two states envisioned their concept of power defined the specifics of the approaches that the two states undertook in order to seize the power over the economic space. While the USSR preferred to adopt a more localized approach, the USA tended to encompass the opportunities provided by the entire world, and the situation with Japan was one of these opportunities. Because of the differences in the attitudes towards Japan, the bellicose one of the United States and the peaceful one of the Soviet Union, the attack of Hiroshima and Nagasaki triggered the start of the Cold War between the USA and the USSR, as Crockatt explains: â€Å"The Soviet Union remained neutral towards Japan and declared war only after the dropping of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945.†3 Indeed, there are a number of facts that indicate the willingness of the USA to demonstrate its power to the USSR. There could not be a better moment for showing the military strength of the United States, since the Soviet union was clearly in the process of healing its wounds after taking part in one of the greatest bloodsheds in the world history; America, meanwhile, was not harmed in the twists and turns of war, since, first, the USA only entered the war in 1945, as the war ended, and, second, was separated from Europe by the Atlantic Ocean and, therefore, could not become another battlefield.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With that being said, the USA clearly had an opportunity to defeat the Soviet Union in their chase for the world economic dominance. The fact that the USA possessed the weapon of such power of destruction meant that the U.S. became the superior state whom the USSR would not be able to compete with: â€Å"The Soviets did not have the atom bomb, but the Americans did, and that caused insecurity.†4 According to the given point of view, the mere fact that the USA showed its martial potential was enough to start the Cold War5. The above-mentioned viewpoint has all rights to exist; moreover, seeing how the tension in the relationships between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated after the given incident,6 the version of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the pretext for starting the Cold war becomes especially plausible.7 It can be assumed that the USA failed to show their entire military strength in the course of the WWII, as they managed to enter the process only as the WWII was getting to an end – in contrast to the Soviet Union, which displayed its military potential to the full, and, needless to say, made a great impression on the rest of the world. Therefore, by dropping the atomic bombs on the Japanese cities, the United States technically showed that their military power was just as huge and threatening as the one of the USSR: â€Å"Sherwin demonstrates how the US decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan frew out of the Anglo-American thinking about its use as a diplomatic tool in peacetime as well as a winning weapon in wartime.†8 Concerning the arguments â€Å"counter†: the doubt To address the hypothesis concerning the assassination of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki dwellers as an attempt to introduce the dominance of the USA into the USA–USSR relationships., it is necessary to consider the latter in detail. According to Boyle, the fight for the title of the superior nation has been lasting since both empires became powerful enough9. With all due respect to Boyleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s research, however, it must be admitted that his account of the specifics of the USSR policies leaves much to be desired in terms of accuracy. It seem that Boyle makes a typical mistake by considering each action of the U.S. government as the response towards the ones of the USSR.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Was the American Use of the Atomic Bomb against Japan in 1945 the Final Act of WW2 or the Signal That the Cold War Was about to Begin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, Boyle’s interpretation can be easily questioned, which picks the question whether the Little Boy and the Fat Man were a response to the USSR policies. Nogee’s work, on the contrary, offers much more introspective into the way in which the Soviet Union operated. Even though Nogee’s focus is on the USSR instead of its relationships with the USA, and, moreover, on the USSR of the post-WWII period, Nogee manages to capture the specifics of the state’s policy quite well. According to Nogee, the USSR leader of the WWII era, Stalin never actually considered the United States’ demonstration of what an atomic explosion was capable of as an actual threat to the safety of Russia and the allied states.10 Moreover. Nogee makes it clear that starting a direct confrontation was more than undesirable for both states, since both the UA and the USSR were devastated after the WWII. When considering the numerous signals that showed the start of the Cold War, one has to mention that the attack of the Japanese cities as another attempt to re-state the obvious would have been rather useless.11 According to what the existing sources say, by the end of the WWII, it was clear that the Cold War was brewing and that the U.S. and the USSR were going to divide the world into their spheres of influence.12 The Use of the Atomic Bomb as the Signal of the End of the WWII The idea that the USA used atomic bomb as the means to bring the WWII to an end is another common interpretation of the incident. What speaks in favor of the hypothesis: Truman’s policy Despite the fact that at present, the interpretations of the USA assassination of the residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki gears towards the idea that the given action can be interpreted as the attempt of the United States to declare the end of the World War II. When talking about the reasons for the United States to attack Japan, one must specify that on the given time slot, the reins of power were quickly passed over from Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, who had no other choice but to follow the track blazed by his predecessor. Meanwhile, in accordance with to the score of the Yalta Conference, the U.S. was waiting for the USSR to enter the Pacific War. In addition, a number of German cities were incinerated prior to the attacks of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in a vengeful attempt to make Germany feel the power of the Allies.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To make the matters worse, the testing of the A-bombs in the USA has just ended by that point, which must have brought Truman to the conclusion that threatening Japan by wiping Hiroshima and Nagasaki off the face of the earth would be a logical ending to the WWII. Dukes states in a very straightforward manner that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki helped bring the victory day closer: The dropping of A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August brought VJ Day more quickly than had been previously hoped and feared. There was just time for the Soviet Union to fulfil its promise of declaring war against Japan three months after VE Day.13 What speaks against it: the end of the War However, there is also enough evidence that shows the opposite to the aforementioned ideas. Indeed, the link between the fact of genocide in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of the WWII can seem somewhat farfetched. Another interpretation of the hypothesis The traditional idea of seeing the USA ass assination of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki dwellers as an attempt to draw the line in the WWII can also be viewed in a different light. While it can be considered that the act of dropping atomic bombs on the cities can be interpreted as the way of showing the power and influence of the USA as the state that ended the World War II, there is also a different way of interpreting the given step. The latter, however, requires an introspective into the peculiarities of the Japanese culture. According to the existing sources, even as the outcome of a battle becomes clearly unfavorable for the Japanese, the bushido code of conduct does not allow the Japanese warriors to cease the fire and give up; on the contrary, according to the bushido principles, fighting until the last soldier falls dead is the most appropriate tactics. Therefore, it is logical to suppose that even after Hitler’s suicide, the war would have been going on as the code of bushido dictates. While the rest of the state s that the Tripartite Alliance consisted of surrendered with the leader of the Alliance having been killed, the Japanese soldiers would have been fighting until the very last of them would have fallen breathless. Therefore, the World War would have been even longer and bloodier than it was, which the rest of the world, including the USSR and the Allies, would have hardly take14n. As history shows, culture plays great role in developing and solving international conflicts. For instance, as Kegley and Wittkopf show, cultural specifics predetermine largely the economic relationships between such states as, say, USA and China.15 The same can be applied to the conflicts between the states. In the given case, the fact that the Japanese government would have not ceased their attempts at fighting the enemy so easily is brought to people’s attention. Indeed, according to bushido, the Japanese code of a warrior’s conduct, a soldier is supposed to fight till the end even when the opponent seems to be superior. Therefore, it can be assumed that, unless the USA had demoralized the Japanese, the WWII would have been continuing for quite long after the surrender of Germany. As a result, the consequences of the WWII would have been even more deplorable for the Allies, as well as for Germany, Japan and Italy. While Japan would have suffered most, the rest of the states would have also driven their economical and financial resources to an absolute zero. The U.S. and the Soviet Union: Sworn Friends or Sworn Enemies? While the two states have been maintaining moderately friendly relationship, there has always been some kind of tension between them, as if the two were constantly trying to win over the other one. Indeed, if considering the way in which the specifics of one culture is portrayed in the other state, it becomes obvious that each of the two countries have always been trying to take over the opponent. For instance, according to English, even in mass media o f each of the states, the portrayal of the other one was rather negative.16 For instance, in Russian media, the portrayal of the Capitalist USA world was far from being positive.17 The given attitude, however, had not grown into anything spectacular until the Cold War; it seemed that the two states realized that, once they clash, they might get harmed greatly; in the process. Therefore, it can hardly be considered that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a deliberate attempt at starting the Cold War; the U.S. should have known that, even after the WWII, the USSR would have still be able to rebuff the attack efficiently enough18. In fact, at certain point, the development of the notorious atomic bomb was planned as a joint attempt of the USA and the USSR to enhance their influence in the world, as McCauley explains.19 The given supposition can be supported by the fact that, according to some sources, the Soviet Union was the first to come up with an idea of a hydrogen bomb.20 C onclusion: In Search for the Truth Truly, it would be wrong to believe that nowadays, more than sixty years after the WWII was ended, it is possible to reconstruct the implications behind the actions of each of the states that took part in the WWII. However, by analyzing the factors that influenced these actions, as well as learning about the position that the U.S. took in the World War, one can possibly figure out if the action of dropping atomic bombs on Japan was the sign of the triumph of the Allies or the beginning of the Cold War. While some of the sources contradict each other, it is possible to learn the truth about the notorious Hiroshima and Nagasaki attack. Even though the connection between Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Cold War might seem rather loose, it is necessary to admit that by dropping the bomb on these Japanese cities, the United States have shown their military strength, which was very timely in the light of the beginning of the Cold War. Even though there is li ttle to no evidence showing the effect that the given action had on the U.S. reputation in the Eastern Europe, one has to admit that the Hiroshima and Nagasaki incident was rather well-timed. Indeed, considering the consequences, one has to acknowledge the fact that the U.S. has shown its military potential, therefore, making it clear to the Soviet Union that the United States were able to fend for themselves. Meanwhile, the act of brushing millions of the Japanese off the face of the Earth could be viewed as the attempt of the American government to draw the line in the WWII and make it clear that the Allies won.21 Indeed, the given action can be translated as a manifestation of the end of the WWII and the fact that fascism was finally defeated. The reasons for the American government to undertake the given measure, on the other hand, are rather obscure; since it was not Japan, but Germany who was at the helm of the Tripartite Alliance, it would have been much more logical to use G ermany as the venue of their vengeful act. The role of Japan in the WWII could not be described as the definitive one; Italy had practically similar share of influence in the Axis Pact. The choice of the location for the Little Boy and the Fat Man was sporadic, which meant that the United States was going to draw the final line in the WWII. With that being said, it is reasonable to suggest that, even though the attack of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with an atomic bomb triggered an increase in the U.S. authority, the given effect was sporadic rather than planned; by attacking Japan, the U.S. clearly intended to show that it also had its share of the triumph that the victory triggered. Considering the policy of the American government at the time, one must admit that the idea of bombing Japan as the means to threaten the government of the Soviet Union seems much like a last-minute choice, which would have been rather untypical of the U.S. government. As the existing evidence says, making J apan surrender was crucial to the outcome of the WWII mostly because of the specifics of the Japanese culture; with its specific code of honor, the residents of the latter would have not seized their actions until they had lost each of their soldier. Demoralization seemed a viable strategy to adopt, which the USA did by using an atomic bomb. Bibliography Bell, PMH, The world since 1945, London, Hodder Arnold, 2001. Boyle, PG, American-Soviet relations, London, Routledge, 1993. Carlton, D and HM Levine, The Cold War debated, New York, McGraw Hill, 1988. Crockatt, R The fifty years war: the United States and the Soviet Union in world politics, 1941-1991, London, Routledge, 2002. Dobson, AP and S Marsh, US foreign policy since 1945, 2nd edn, London, Routledge, 2006. Dockrill, S Advances in Cold War history (ed.), London, Palgrave, 2006. Dockrill, S and G Hughes, Advances in Cold War history, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Dukes, P, The superpowers. A short history, London, Rout ledge, 2000. English R D, Russia and the idea of the West, New York, Columbia University Press, 2000. Gaddis, JL, The Cold War, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 2007. Kegley, C and ER Wittkopf, World politics: trend and transformation, 9th edn, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2003. Kennedy-Pipe, C, Russia and the world, 1917-1991, London: Arnold, 1998. Leffler, MP and DS Painter, The origins of the Cold War (ed.), London, Routledge, 2002. Light, M, The Soviet theory of international relations, Brighton, Wheatsheaf Books, 1988. Lightbody, B, The Cold War, London, Routledge, 1999. McCauley, M, The origins of the Cold War, London, Longman, 1995. McCauley, M, Russia, America the Cold War 1949-1991, London, Longman, 1998. Nogee, JL and RH Donaldson, Soviet foreign policy since WW2, Oxford, Pergamon, 1984. Painter, DS, The Cold War: an international history, London, Routledge, 2002. Roberts, G, The Soviet Union in world politics, London, Routledge, 1999. Stephen, EA and DG Brinkley, Rise to globalism, 8t h edn, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1997. Zubok, VM, A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Footnotes 1. Carlton, D and HM Levine, The Cold War debated, New York, McGraw Hill, 1988, 4. 2. Light, M, The Soviet theory of international relations, Brighton, Wheatsheaf Books, 1988, 11. 3. R Crockatt, The fifty years war: the United States and the Soviet Union in world politics, 1941-1991, London, Routledge, 2002, 40. 4. A P Dobson and S Marsh, US foreign policy since 1945, 2nd edn, London, Routledge, 2006, p. 20. 5. Dockrill, S and G Hughes, Advances in Cold War history, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 5. 6. Stephen, EA and DG Brinkley, Rise to globalism, 8th edn, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1997, 11. 7. Lightbody, B, The Cold War, London, Routledge, 1999, 7. 8. Leffler, MP and DS Painter, The origins of the Cold War (ed.), London, Routledge, 2002, 4. 9. Boyle, PG, American-Soviet relations, London, Routledge, 1993. 10. Nogee, JL and RH Donaldson, Soviet foreign policy since WW2, Oxford, Pergamon, 1984. 11. Zubok, VM, A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 19. 12. Gaddis, JL, The Cold War, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 2007, 7. 13. Dukes, P, The superpowers. A short history, London, Routledge, 2000, p. 72. 14. Dockrill, S Advances in Cold War history (ed.), London, Palgrave, 2006, 4. 15.Kegley, C and ER Wittkopf, World politics: trend and transformation, 9th edn, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2003, 3. 16. English R D, Russia and the idea of the West, New York, Columbia University Press, 2000, 6. 17. Kennedy-Pipe, C, Russia and the world, 1917-1991, London: Arnold, 1998, 5. 18. McCauley, M, Russia, America the Cold War 1949-1991, London, Longman, 1998., 9. 19. McCauley, M, The origins of the Cold War, London, Longman, 1995, 127. 20. Painter, DS, The Cold War: an international history, London, Routl edge, 2002, 41. 21. Bell, PMH, The world since 1945, London, Hodder Arnold, 2001, 3. 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Criticaster †an Incompetent Critic or How Not to Spoil a Good Critical Review

Criticaster – an Incompetent Critic or How Not to Spoil a Good Critical Review Criticaster an Incompetent Critic or How Not to Spoil a Good Critical Review Any position or argument that cannot be subjected to a critical review is not qualified for an intellectual discourse. Now, the number one task is to understand what a critical review is. When a person posits or puts down ideas about a subject in an article, people are called upon to read and think clearly and carefully and come out with analysis of the ideas expressed in the said article according to what the author has penned down and the information they have about the point in discourse. Here, ideas expressed in the article are evaluated, summarized and reviewed to come out with your own idea hinging on the weaknesses and strengths of the article in question. Now, while making a critical review, there are two things that are paramount, and they will lead you to arrive at a very good review if you abide by them. The first is the acquisition of information as expressed in the article and this is done through reading and understanding of what is posited by the writer. Now, you must not limit yourself to the text under question when you want to get the best of information about the subject being discussed. You must get ideas and information from related texts. The next is the thorough questioning of every bit of information and idea presented in the article or text so as to evaluate and arrive at an informed judgment. For you to review efficiently, you must know the central idea under discussion and the purpose that the write up in question is meant to achieve. Never jump into a critical review because of shallow information or blanket idea about a topic. Understand the context in which the idea is being used and the result it is meant to achieve. You must also have great information about the audience the article or text is meant to address. Whenever you are evaluating, concentrate on the theories, frameworks and approaches and not just on the conclusions made. All the content must be analyzed according to concepts and you have to do this separately according to components. When you do, seek for the interrelation and connection between the different components, and how they can influence each other. You can start by following these simple steps: Ascertain if the text is balanced or biased Ascertain if it is a fair article Seek for ways of summarizing all the points Seek for the relationship between this and other literature you have read on the topic Evaluate the interpretations posited by the author Look at the main issues the writer raised Know where the author got his or her evidence And know the area that is being reviewed and discussed You have to answer all these questions, and be sure that your answers are not biased too. And the last thing you should remember is that you should know where the author is coming from and where he is heading to, his personality is not to be considered when evaluating, so that you do not mix the author with what he wrote to the extent of going ad hominem. If you do, it will affect the outcome of the review negatively. Feel free to buy a critical review essay at our website. will provide you with a great-quality custom written paper.

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Trade Unions And Disputes Management Essay

Trade Unions And Disputes Management Essay Trade unions can be defined as, Organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, and whose principal purposes are to negotiate wages and terms of working condition, regulate relations between employees and the employer, take collective action to enforce the terms of collective bargaining, raise demands on behalf of its members, and help settle their problems (Business Directory, 2009). Trade unions are generally classified as, company union that represents interests of only one firm and may not have any relation with the trade union movement; industrial union represents workers of several firms from the same industry; and craft union represents skilled workers in a particular field such as carpentry or welding (Business Dictionary, 2009). A working definition of Trade Unions was provided by Sydney and Beatrice Webb (History of Trade Unions, 1920) as a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. In the view of the above, it can be stated that Trade unions help the employees by negotiating for better income and better conditions at workplace for them which is known as collective bargaining. The ACAS Code of Practice No2 Disclosure of Information to trade unions, which is based on collective bargaining, provides recommendation on good exercise (Employee Communications and Consultations, ACAS, 2005). They provide information and guidance to its members if they undergo a problem regarding the workplace. A set-up of health and safety representatives is also provided at the workplace by the trade union for both employers and employees. Trade unions are interested in promoting equal opportunities at work and providing consultation and support to their members on the legislation. They run campaigns to protect the rights of the employees and improve their quality of working lives. There are numerous other services which trade unions provides to its member apart from the ones stated a bove are education and training for a better future and security, financial aid and discounts, and welfare benefits (TUC, 2009). It has been witnessed in the past that there is a rise in the ratio of number of employers wanting to work with trade unions. TUC today published a report stating that both employers and employees benefit from partnership. Thus a well-built judgement will be analysed in details further which will highlight the fact that management likes to deal with their employees through unions rather than dealing with them on individual basis. Analysis of the Statement The employment law system at present is rooted with the roles that the trade unions perform with numerous actions. Advice is given in terms of redundancy, where in, employers need to involve the union in decision-making. The union tries to negotiate pay and conditions terms of employees with the employers and if situation goes out of hand they provide full support to its members in industrial action (Employment Law, 2009). Trade unions provide help to people at work undergoing problems like job loss, grievance, legal procedures and action. Trade unions provide consultation services to its members and employees have now begun to recognise trade unions as employers promote unionism. It has been seen from a TUC report that almost 32% of workplaces recruit people who recognise Trade Unions (TUC, 2009). In United Kingdom, a large number of industrial sectors and various types of jobs in different sectors which provides the workers support with multiple skills and job description are represented by the unions. UNITE, UNICENT, UK Steel Union are some examples of such unions. Thus the role played by trade union has become well recognized within the employment law system with the presence of a number of policies that leads into consultation with unions regarding issues faced by the management (Employment Law, 2009). It has also been noticed that places which recognise unions have better workplace environment and conditions then places which are non- unionised. There are health and safety representatives provided by the Union, who help the management to avoid losses from problems like sick leave, lost work and claim for compensation. Unions provide guidance and help to employers to help reduce the level of stress at work. Trade unions, treats its members as equals and protects the rights of people subjected to discrimination. Trade Union provides training sessions for promoting learning to its members. Training helps the workers involved in low- paid and less skilled jobs, as it helps in improving the skills of the labour force. Recently, trade unions have started providing more services to its members. These services attract more members as it satisfies their needs. Services like accident and sickness insurance cover, legal advice on personal issues, financial services and discounts, education a nd training (TUC, 2009). Effective communication and consultation should be provided by an organisation for which it has to be structured in an orderly way. Senior managers should take the initiative to draw up such policies and keep in mind to involve the employees. The places where Trade Unions are recognised, the employers must get their conformity before the policy is introduced. To enable members to participate fully in union affairs the Unions help the shop stewards and other officials get time off to maintain healthy relations with the employees as well as with the employers. The employers should be familiar with their duties and provide proper facilities. Trade unions further the interest of the workers in many ways, for instance by campaigning, lobbying governments (Employee Communications and Consultations, ACAS, 2005). Trade unions have recently started promoting a new concept which is known as learning at workplace. The Union Learning Representatives (ULR) are a group of union advocates who are trained in providing consultation to its members on learning needs and opportunities (GMB @ Work, 2009). The main aim of the ULRs is to encourage its members to improve their skills, improve the standards of training and development at workplace by counselling, identify the needs of its members, unions and the local authorities on issues related to learning and further discuss it with the employers for consideration to implement it. The ULRs have received recognition, as per the Employment Act 2002, according to which they have the legal right to get paid time off to perform their roles in a proper manner (Prospect: Union for Professionals, November 2009 and Union Learn: Functions and Rights. Sec 3). A rise in employer dealing with trade unions and not individual employees directly has been witnessed. There is a strong business case which will be analysed in more details. A TUC today report shows that companies which recognise Trade Unions perform better than other companies. TUC General Secretary, John Monks said This is the most authoritative research so far that shows that unions can be a boon to business. Partnership makes managers take their workforce with them. This is no burden on business but a secret to success. The above report states that the TUC had made an announcement that it would open an institute of Partnership. The trade union focussed on partnership, adding value to the union by union membership (in organisations like Unionlearn) and employment law. Unionlearn provides generic services, which can be used by individual unions for their training and learning (Unionlearn, 2009) The Workplace Employee Relations Survey shows that companies that recognise unions and high commitment personnel practices have a better financial performance and productivity than other companies in the same sector (PR Newswire, April 2000). There are other surveys which also conclude that the employers attitude towards unions have become less hostile (Poole et al., 2005). The goal of any organisation is to reap benefits. Employers work hand in hand with Trade Unions to gain profits, by establishing a working Partnership with them. The Employers benefit in a number of ways, when they establish partnership with Trade Unions. Dealing with the employees through Trade Unions is gainful as they are saved from going to the Tribunals with their claims. When Trade Unions are associated with the workforce, it leads to employee satisfaction. As they help their members by negotiating over Pay and other conditions with the management. Thus, in turn is beneficial for both employers and the employees. Trade Unions convey to the workers the agreed terms. The employers do not get involved which in turn, saves their time and they can concentrate on making more strategic decisions. Here, there would be no employer- employee conflict. The employers do not have to deal with large number of employees directly. Therefore, no individual negotiations would be required. The union health representatives work along with the employers to reduce stress at work. No industrial action would be taken by the union. All the trivial issues can be dealt directly by the union (Gennard and Judge, 2005). In 1998, the TUCs Organizing Academy was opened to train officers in the field of recruitment and organizing techniques and to assign them to priority recruitment campaigns recognized jointly by the TUC and member-unions. If the TUC is to maintain a plausible position as a respected representative of labour force, it is believed, it ought to invalidate the two-decade decline in union membership; and this, in turn, will require a reorientation of union activity towards new categories of worker in new sectors of employment (Heery, 1998). From the above report it can be stated that TUC trained employees and developed skilled workers, which in turn would help the employers to achieve the organizational goal. There are some negative impacts of trade unions as well. The employers cannot give performance related pay and cant remove the low skilled worker, if he is a member of the union as this would lead to strikes and disputes, which in turn would hamper the production. Sometimes the unions demand more than expected, which is again a problem for the employer. This is the ERA of change and globalization, during this period the employers would want to build good relations with the employees as they are their key resource, to achieve the organizational goals. So the employers must deal with the Trade Unions, as the changes can be made without any repercussions. Initiatives that directly involved employees and (significantly) sought to promote higher performance were tending to replace or supplement indirect means of communication like joint consultation. Gradually this process of two-way communication became known as employee voice. It appeals both to that seeking greater business efficiency and to those looking for employee rights (CIPD, 2009). As cited above it can be clearly stated that joint consultation included the managers and employee representatives, which included the trade union representative. Agreeing a constitution earlier helped in avoiding conflicts and misunderstandings and thus paved a way for positive business. I would end the debate by stating that there is a positive business case for employers dealing with their work force through unions. Partnership at work can help bring higher productivity, enhanced performance and flourishing changes to the organization. Whether it is a change in administration or adapting new techniques, dealing with workforce through trade unions has a positive impact in achieving organizational goals. There would be growth in industrial relations as communication and consultation becomes easier. For the employees, more opportunities would be provided for training and development which in turn leads to greater job security and all this leads to sustainability.

Importance of Sleep in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Sleep in Macbeth It is natural to want to sleep after working hard. If something goes wrong or if the conscience feels guilt, the body will not let the person rest. The conscience keeps the person awake to think about his sins and keep torturing him until he confesses. In the play Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses images of sleep to show the guilt of Macbeth's and Lady Macbeth's conscious. When the idea of the first murder enters their heads, things begin to go wrong. They no longer have the natural healthy, normal sleep. Their sleep is made up of nightmares and other disturbances. Only the admission of guilt or death can save them. Strange things begin happening in Macbeth's mind when he decides to go through with the murder of Duncan. He sees the image of the dagger floating in front of him(53). This is his inner thoughts warning him on how unnatural this act is. When he goes to Duncan's chamber, he hears warnings from his conscious. "Sleep no more!/Macbeth doth murdered sleep"- the innocent sleep."(57) This is Macbeth's first evil act. At this point he still hears the warnings. As he gets further into the darkness, all the other voices disappear. Instead he is haunted by evil dreams, images, and premonitions. Lady Macbeth is also warned of the trouble that is to come from this. When she goes to Duncan's chamber, she sees the image of her father, warning her not to murder Duncan. She strips herself of all good to gather the strength to go through with the act. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth give up their souls in pursuit of the kingship. It is this obvious disregard for the warnings by the conscience of the los s of innocence that causes them to be haunted by it later in the play. The great loss is the natural sleep. Sleep is the reward of the day. Because Macbeth and Lady Macbeth give up their innocence, they lose the good sleep. "Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse the curtained sleep(53)." "You lack the season of all natures, sleep," says Lady Macbeth to Macbeth(109). Their sleep is no longer natural. It is forced by them. Their conscience will no longer let them rest. It wants them to suffer for their sins. The doctor observes, "A great perturbation in nature, to receive at/ once the benefit of sleep and do the effects of watching(161).